Singer-songwriter Bob Dylan has influenced music and popular culture as the unofficial spokesman for his generation, explains rock historian John Covach.
Score one for the songwriters. , director of the Institute for Popular Music at the 91原创, was excited to hear that Bob Dylan, the poet laureate of the rock era, had been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature.
鈥淒ylan was an important figure in songwriting, especially in the 1960s,鈥 Covach says. 鈥淗e was criticized by some in the folk movement for transforming the 鈥榳e鈥 to 鈥榤e鈥-writing songs that dealt with his own thoughts and feelings and less with ideas of social justice and change. But it鈥檚 just that turn toward the poetic that made it possible for him to even be considered for this distinguished prize in literature.鈥
Covach says Dylan is 鈥渄eserving鈥 of the honor bestowed by the Swedish Academy, the first for a musician and the first by an American in 23 years.
鈥淭his honor is a huge win for those of us who take popular music seriously,鈥 he says.
6 stops on Bob Dylan鈥檚 rise to the top
By John Covach
Professor of music and director of the University鈥檚 Institute for Popular Music
Originally published: May 20, 2016
For the past five decades, Bob Dylan has influenced both music and popular culture as the unofficial spokesman for his generation (though Dylan himself resists this description). As people from around the world start to celebrate the singer鈥檚 75th birthday, rock historian John Covach, director of 91原创鈥檚 Institute for Popular Music, identifies six stops on the singer, songwriter, and artist鈥檚 turbulent rise to the top in the 1960s.
1) Bob Dylan鈥檚 first album was a commercial flop.
Discovered by legendary producer John Hammond, Dylan recorded his debut album for Columbia Records in 1962. Consisting mostly of covers and arrangements of traditional tunes, Bob Dylan sold so poorly that it was nicknamed 鈥淗ammond鈥檚 folly.鈥 Columbia鈥檚 Mitch Miller had reservations about Dylan鈥檚 voice, but the Eastman School of Music graduate and host of the popular Sing Along with Mitch TV show remembered that Dylan鈥檚 album was not a financial disaster because it didn鈥檛 cost much to record a folksinger. Dylan says he realized right away that he had recorded the wrong songs: he should have performed his own music.
2) Dylan鈥檚 first commercial success came as a songwriter.
One person who recognized Dylan鈥檚 songwriting gift immediately was Artie Mogull, who signed Dylan to a publishing deal with Warner Brothers. Mogull worked to place Dylan鈥檚 songs with other artists. Peter, Paul, and Mary, for instance, had hit singles with both 鈥淏lowin鈥 in the Wind鈥 and 鈥淒on鈥檛 Think Twice It鈥檚 Alright鈥 in 1963. Dylan didn鈥檛 have an American hit as performer until 鈥淟ike a Rolling Stone,鈥 released in the summer of 1965.
3) His early songs focused on human rights and social injustice.
In terms of songwriting, Dylan was initially influenced by his idol, Woody Guthrie, who often reworked traditional music with new lyrics while also chronicling social injustice. Early topical songs from Dylan are 鈥淏lowin鈥 in the Wind,鈥 which addressed civil rights, and 鈥淢asters of War,鈥 which challenged the Vietnam conflict.
His later songs became increasingly focused on his own feelings and attempts to understand the world鈥攁 shift that some traditionalists in the folk movement thought of as replacing 鈥渨e鈥 with 鈥渕e.鈥 Dylan鈥檚 turn toward more personal songs, however, proved fundamental in establishing the singer-songwriter approach that has flourished ever since. In spite of the social commentary in some of his songs, Dylan has argued that he was never a 鈥減olitical鈥 songwriter.
4) Dylan upset some of his earliest supporters in the folk community when he started using electric instruments.
Dylan first appeared at the Newport Folk Festival in 1963, at a time when he was emerging as the darling of the folk revival.聽 But many folk traditionalists鈥攎ost famously Peter Seeger鈥攆elt betrayed by Dylan鈥檚 use of electric instruments when he appeared at the Newport Folk Festival in the summer of 1965. While accounts of exactly what happened during Dylan鈥檚 rebellious Newport performance of that year diverge, it鈥檚 clear that some fans and fellow musicians vigorously rejected Dylan鈥檚 new turn. Dylan鈥檚 response was to excoriate such false friends in his next single, 鈥淧ositively Fourth Street.鈥 That the song became a top 10 pop hit probably made its sting even more intense. As much as any event in his career, the Newport dispute made it clear that Dylan wasn鈥檛 interesting in being anybody鈥檚 darling.
5) As a performer, Dylan initially enjoyed more success in the UK than in the US.
In the wake of his disappointing debut album, Dylan signed with manager Albert Grossman, who was also managing Peter, Paul, and Mary at the time. Grossman booked Dylan to appear in a BBC television play entitled Madhouse on Castle Street, first aired in January 1963. While The Freewheelin鈥 Bob Dylan only went to number 16 in England at the end of that year, by early 1965 his 鈥淭he Times They Are A-Changin鈥欌 was a number 9 hit in the UK, riding the momentum created by a string of UK top-10 albums in 1964. Dylan鈥檚 success as a traditional folksinger in England helps explain why he met with such resistance from audiences during his 1966 tour of the UK. The electric guitars, keyboards, and drums were too much for those who had come to love the solo performer, and some booed while others walked out.
6) Dylan may have introduced the Beatles to marijuana.
In the fall of 1964鈥攚ell before Dylan was a famous pop performer in his own right鈥擠ylan met with the Beatles in their New York hotel. The Beatles had been fans of Dylan鈥檚 songwriting since at least January of that year, and Dylan is reported to have urged the lads to try getting a little more ambitious with their lyrics. The songs on the band鈥檚 next album, Help!, suggest that they took his advice.聽 He also seems to have introduced the Fab Four to pot; Paul McCartney says he had a cannabis-drenched vision that evening and quickly wrote it down. The next day he read what he had written: 鈥淭here are seven levels.鈥
From What鈥檚 That Sound? An Introduction to Rock and Its History (Third Edition), by John Covach and Andrew Flory. W.W. Norton & Company, 2012.
Dylan Plugs In.
In December 1960, a young folksinger arrived in New York from Minnesota, where he had been playing gigs in folk clubs and coffeehouses. Within a few months, Bob Dylan was performing in Greenwich Village and becoming increasingly active in the city鈥檚 burgeoning folk scene. By the beginning of 1964, he was among the most respected young folksingers in the United States. Dylan was not particularly well known outside the folk community, since the general pop audience associated 鈥渇olk鈥 with the music of the Kingston Trio or Peter, Paul, and Mary. Some pop listeners might have known that Dylan wrote 鈥淏lowin鈥 in the Wind鈥 and 鈥淒on鈥檛 Think Twice It鈥檚 Alright鈥 (both hits in 1963 for Peter, Paul, and Mary), but most would not have heard Dylan鈥檚 own versions, which appear on his second album, The Freewheelin鈥 Bob Dylan (1963). Like many folk artists, he enjoyed success mostly on the album charts and only had the occasional hit single. Dylan鈥檚 popularity, fueled by appearances in folk clubs and on college campus was greater in the UK than in the United States. By 1964 his albums The Times They Are A-Changin鈥 (1964) and Another Side of Bob Dylan (1964) did well enough on both sides of the Atlantic to make him one of the most emulated folksingers of this period.
Dylan was a skilled performer and an even more accomplished songwriter. It was common for folksingers to write their own music, often creating new songs from tunes drawn or adapted from traditional folk melodics. Dylan鈥檚 idol Woody Guthrie frequently reworked familiar music with new lyrics that chronicled social injustice. Dylan initially followed this model, creating topical songs such as 鈥淏lowin鈥 in the Wind,鈥 which addressed civil rights, and 鈥淢asters of War,鈥 which challenged the Vietnam conflict. Dylan鈥檚 songs, however, became increasingly focused on his own feelings and attempts to understand the world. Early songs such as 鈥淕irl from the North Country鈥 and 鈥淒on鈥檛 Think Twice It鈥檚 Alright鈥 display his exceptional gifts as a songwriter. The personal lyrics of these songs arc crafted with the painstaking aesthetic attitude more common among poets than musicians.
After an enormously successful tour of the UK in 1965 (documented in the D.A. Pennebaker film Don鈥檛 Look Back), Dylan made a break with the folk tradition that would have tremendous consequences for popular music. Contrary to the folk revival orthodoxy, he had long been interested in using electric instruments in his music and a few sessions for his second album had been recorded with what was essentially a rock band; he even tried out a version of 鈥淭hat鈥檚 All Right (Mama).鈥 Dylan was not satisfied with the results of these sessions and only one of the resulting tracks was used on the album (鈥淐orrina, Corrina鈥). (Another of these songs, 鈥淢ixed Up Confusion,鈥 became his first single, but it did not chart when released in 1962.) Dylan鈥檚 interest in rock instrumentation was also evident on his album Bringin鈥 It All Back Home (1965}, half of which used electric instruments, including his first hit single, 鈥淪ubterranean Homesick Blues鈥 (1965). The folk community did not express an overwhelmingly negative reaction to Dylan鈥檚 electrified music when the album was released perhaps because of the strong acoustic-based material. However, when he played the Newport Folk Festival in July 1965 an enormous controversy began. As a headliner, Dylan was one of the most sought after artists at the festival. The festival program only allotted Dylan a short set, and he performed three electric numbers (鈥淢aggie鈥檚 Farm,鈥 鈥淟ike a Rolling Stone,鈥 and 鈥淧hantom Engineer鈥) backed by the Paul Butterfield Blues Band. When he left the stage after only a few songs, the crowd heckled Master of Ceremonies Peter Yarrow (of Peter, Paul, and Mary) until Dylan came back out. As an encore, Dylan performed acoustic versions of 鈥淢r. Tambourine Man鈥 and 鈥淚t鈥檚 All Over Now Baby Blue.鈥 Despite the positive reaction to his acoustic material, Dylan鈥檚 electric numbers met with resistance among the more traditionally minded folkies in attendance. Many senior members of the folk establishment who had strongly supported Dylan up to this point (including Pete Seeger) felt betrayed by his turn to electric instruments. Dylan鈥檚 insistence upon performing nontopical material with a rock band, made him the target of very strong criticism within folk circles.
A week before the 1965 festival, Columbia Records released Dylan鈥檚 single 鈥淟ike a Rolling Stone,鈥 one of the three electric songs he performed at Newport. It was his most popular song as a performer, and rose to number two in the United States in the summer and fall of 1965. He followed with the album Highway 61 Revisited (1965) and the angry hit single, 鈥淧ositively 4th Street鈥 (1965). The folk music establishment continued to react negatively to Dylan鈥檚 use of electric instruments, and he felt betrayed by their response. As a traditional folksinger, he had written songs like 鈥淢asters of War,鈥 which attacked those who exploited others to gain unfair social or economic advantage. Dylan referred to such tunes as 鈥渇inger pointing鈥 songs, and after his 1965 Newport performance he used 鈥淧ositively 4th Street鈥 to point his finger at the folk establishment he felt had unfairly criticized him. The fervor of Dylan鈥檚 obsession on this issue can be seen in the song鈥檚 structure, which is a simple verse form employing twelve verses. After a short four-measure introduction, Dylan plows away at verse after verse, all based on the same eight-measure harmonic pattern. The song concludes with part of a thirteenth time through the chord progression, with vocals absent and the focus on Al Kooper鈥檚 organ part, until the song fades out.
